Contents.Etymology The origin of the term is unknown. According to etymologist, the only certain detail about its origin is the word was first noticed in circa 1890. Liberman points out that many fail to answer the question: 'Why did the word become widely known in California (just there) by the early Nineties (just then)?' Author has suggested it may be derived from the term hoe-boy meaning 'farmhand', or a greeting such as Ho, boy! Suggests in (1998) that it could either come from the greeting, 'Ho, beau!' Or a of ' homeward bound'. It could also come from the words 'homeless boy'., in his (4th ed., 1937), wrote:Tramps and hobos are commonly lumped together, but see themselves as sharply differentiated.

A hobo or bo is simply a migrant laborer; he may take some longish holidays, but sooner or later he returns to work. Lower than either is the bum, who neither works nor travels, save when impelled to motion by the police.

Cutaway illustration of a, a portable wood-burning stove using air convectionIt is unclear exactly when hobos first appeared on the American railroading scene. With the end of the in the 1860s, many discharged veterans returning home began hopping freight trains.

Others looking for work on the followed the railways west aboard freight trains in the late 19th century.In 1906, Professor Layal Shafee, after an exhaustive study, put the number of tramps in the United States at about 500,000 (about 0.6% of the US population at the time). His article 'What Tramps Cost Nation' was published by The New York Telegraph in 1911, when he estimated the number had surged to 700,000.The number of hobos increased greatly during the era of the 1930s.

With no work and no prospects at home, many decided to travel for free by freight train and try their luck elsewhere.Life as a hobo was dangerous. In addition to the problems of being itinerant, poor, and far from home and support, plus the hostility of many train crews, they faced the railroads' security staff, nicknamed 'bulls', who had a reputation of violence against trespassers. Moreover, riding on a freight train is dangerous in itself. British poet, author of, lost a foot when he fell under the wheels when trying to jump aboard a train. It was easy to be trapped between cars, and one could freeze to death in bad weather. When freezer cars were loaded at an ice factory, any hobo inside was likely to be killed.According to in Rolling Nowhere (1984), at some unknown point in time, as many as 20,000 people were living a hobo life in North America. Modern freight trains are much faster and thus harder to ride than in the 1930s, but they can still be boarded in railyards.

Culture Expressions used through the 1940s Hobos were noted for, among other things, the distinctive lingo that arose among them. Key to a few hobo signs, displayed at theAlmost from the beginning of the existence of hoboes, as soon as the 1870s, it has been reported that hoboes communicated with each other by way of a system of cryptic 'hobo signs,' which would be chalked in prominent or relevant places to clandestinely alert future hoboes about important local information.

Join Bay Area sea shanty band the Shark Alley Hobos to celebrate the release of their holiday. The space is also available for private events.

Many listings of these symbols have been made. This section is written like a that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please by rewriting it in an. ( October 2014) The Britt Hobo Museum exhibits a smattering of hobo history and lore. Initially just a 'Hobo Convention' museum, in the late 1990s it evolved into a fuller Hobo History museum. LeAnn Castillo, a local artist and the hobo painter, exhibits her portrait collection of hobo kings and queens since 1900.

All of her paintings are made from photos. Formal entertainment at the annual Convention begins before dusk, and is provided by a mix of active hobos, extended hobo families and non-hobo wannabees. Late after dark, the crowd leaves and the campfire becomes more informal. Satellite groups spring up.

Stories are told—small and tall, poetry is recited, and cants are sung to the muted vibrations of,. Activities officially begin the Thursday of the convention weekend with a lighting of the campfire and exercise of some hobo cultural traditions (Honoring the Four Winds) before the opening entertainment. On Friday morning many visit the hobo-corner of the cemetery to pay tribute to those who have 'Caught the Westbound', with a hobo memorial service preceded by a local contingent of ex-military colorguard. Names of deceased hobos are recited (Roll Call). At around five o'clock on Friday afternoon a poetry reading attracts participants and a small crowd of onlookers. Hobo-king candidates are screened the days before the annual King and Queen election and coronation. They are expected to have knowledge and experience in riding trains, and are evaluated for how well they would represent the hobo community.

A quasi-qualified candidate is occasionally allowed to run. Any woman who is part of the hobo community may run for hobo Queen. On the Saturday morning there is a parade in the town pavilion, allowing onlookers to see those running for hobo king and queen in a last chance to campaign before the election in the early afternoon. Following the parade, is served to hundreds of people in the city park, cooked by local. In early afternoon, the hobo King and Queen are elected by means of the volume of crowd applause.

A carnival, flea market, and an annual auto show are also part of the festivities. There is also. Notable persons Notable hobos., author of Tales of an American Hobo (Singular Lives) (1989)., a.k.a.

'Steam Train Maury'., author of Once a Hobo: The Autobiography of Monte Holm (1999),( ) died in 2006 at age 89., a.k.a. 'A No.1'., a.k.a. 'Sidetrack', who killed 34 other hobos before turning himself in to the authorities. Bertha Thompson, a.k.a.

'Boxcar Bertha', was widely believed to be a real person. Sister of the Road was penned by and presented as an autobiography., an author who penned several pulp fiction books, 1928 through 1945. Steven Gene Wold, a.k.a.

'Notables who have hoboed., American sociologist., Mexican American politician, diplomat and judge., author of labor anthem '., Canadian Singer, Songwriter., sociologist who rode the rails researching his book Rolling Nowhere., Welsh poet who also lived as a tramp., US Supreme Court Justice., American folk musician., wealthy community organizer. Valkyria chronicles wiki. American author., American adventurer who sometimes referred to himself as 'Alexander Supertramp'., Canadian author., anarchist and physician., labor historian.In mainstream culture. This article appears to contain references to. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, to, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.

Oxford University Press. November 12, 2008. Retrieved 2009-08-05. from the website.

(1998). Transworld Publishers Limited. (1937). Grammarphobia.com (July 25, 2009). From the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2013-05-06.

Mencken, Henry Louis (25 August 2017). – via Google Books. The New York Telegraph: 'What Tramps Cost Nation', page D2. The Washington Post, June 18, 1911. (PDF). Archived from (PDF) on October 17, 2012.

Retrieved 2013-05-07. Mathers, Michael H. Boston: Gambit. Archived from on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2015-11-01. (1984).

Rolling Nowhere. New York: Viking. Bruns, Roger (1980). Nanny mania 2 free download full version crack. New York: Methuen Inc. P. ^ Wray, Mike; Wray, Charlie (2018).

Historic Graffiti Society. Retrieved 2020-02-25. Moon, Gypsy: 'Done and Been', page 198.

Indiana University Press, 1996. ^ Moon, Gypsy: 'Done and Been', page 24. Indiana University Press, 1996. Hodgman, John. (Riverhead trade pbk. New York: Riverhead. F.A.T., Free Art and Technology Lab.

Retrieved 2012-07-18. Rothstein, Edward (August 1, 2014). New York Times. Retrieved 2014-08-02. Retrieved 2010-10-05. Gove, Philip Babcock, 1902-1972., Merriam-Webster, Inc.

Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. CS1 maint: others.

Anderson, Nels (March 1932). 'American Tramp and Underworld Slang. Godfrey Irwin (book review)'. American Journal of Sociology.

37 (5): 842. London, Jack (2005) 1907. Project Gutenberg. ^ Daniel, Bill. Who Is Bozo Texino? Self-published: billdaniel.net, 2005. Wray, Mike; Wray, Charlie (2018).

Historic Graffiti Society. Retrieved 2020-02-25. Retrieved 2019-12-20. National Hobo Museum.

Archived from on July 24, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2014. Squat the Planet.

Squat the Planet. Lammle, Rob (2014-01-21). Retrieved 2015-11-01. Original Nickel Hobo Society. Retrieved 2010-02-06. Retrieved 2013-05-07. Retrieved 2008-12-07.

Niven, Frederick (1927). New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. Archived from on October 10, 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-07.

Van Ronk, Dave. The Mayor of MacDougal Street.

2005. 'Dale Wasserman, 94; Playwright Created 'Man of La Mancha ' obituary by Dennis McLellan of the Los Angeles Times, printed in The Washington Post December 29, 2008. Archived from on 2013-05-05.

Retrieved 2013-05-07. Thrilling Detective Heroes, John Locke &, eds. (: Adventure House, 2007). Retrieved 2013-05-07. on. on. Retrieved October 11, 2014.Further reading.

Brady, Jonann (2005). ABC Good Morning America, includes Todd 'Ad Man' Waters' last ride as reigning Hobo King plus hobo slide show with Adman's photo's taken on the road. Bannister, Matthew (2006). Matthew Bannister talks to fellow King of the Hobos 'Ad Man' Waters and to obituary editor of, Bill McDonald.

Davis, Jason (2007)., On The Road 30 minute special. KSTP television. Covers 'Ad Man' Waters taking his daughter out on her first freight ride. Harper, Douglas (2006)1986., Excerpt from Good Company: A Tramp Life.

Johnson, L. 'Riding the Rails for the Homeless.' The New York Times. July 12, 1983, p. Story on 'Ad Man' Waters the Penny Route. Oats. 'Around the Jungle Fire I, II & III'.

1994, 1997, 2000. Interviews with several hobos: How they got their start, and travels and travails. from theExternal links. The dictionary definition of at Wiktionary. Media related to at Wikimedia Commons.

The eccentric orbit of the Martian moon Phobos could drive the flow of powder across the moon's surface, a new study finds, shedding light on Phobos' mysterious origins.Dark gray, potato-shaped is only about 14 miles (22.5 kilometers) wide, but it is by far the larger of, at more than seven times the mass of its companion,. Phobos orbits at only about 3,700 miles (6,000 km) from the Martian ground, closer to its planet than any known moon; as a result of this tight orbit, Phobos zips around Mars three times per Earth day.Previous work revealed an odd dichotomy on the surface of Phobos.

Some areas are reddish, while others are bluish, Ron Ballouz, lead author of the new study and an astrophysicist at the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), told Space.com.Related. The origins of these red units and blue units, as these regions are called, was uncertain. Solving this puzzle could shed light on the origins of Phobos and the way it interacts with its environment, the researchers said.To help solve this mystery Ballouz's group investigated the grains of dust and rock known as regolith, which drift around the surface of Phobos due to the moon's slightly oblong orbit.Although Phobos' orbit is nearly circular, it is very slightly eccentric, or oval-shaped. This eccentricity 'is large enough to change the relative strength between Phobos' and Mars' gravity over each orbit.

The closer you are to the Red Planet, the stronger its gravitational pull and vice versa,' study co-author Nicola Baresi, an astrodynamicist at JAXA, told Space.com.As such, as it orbits Mars, causing slopes on the moon to vary by up to 2 degrees over the course of the natural satellite's 7-hour and 39-minute orbit around the Red Planet. This slight tilting back and forth is enough to draw grains of regolith downhill on Phobos.Computer simulations revealed that the quantity of grains that flows 'depends on where you are on Phobos,' Ballouz said. When the scientists compared their data with photos of the surface of Phobos taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, they found that the sites where they expected the highest amount of surface motion appeared to match the blue regions of Phobos.

The motion on the surface of Phobos 'is very gradual,' Ballouz said. 'There is not a landslide on Phobos every orbit. We call this a 'cold flow' process, as opposed to the fast motion of a landslide.' 'This process is not really expected to create new 'sand' or regolith,' study co-author Sarah Crites, a planetary scientist at JAXA, told Space.com. Instead, the cold flow just moves existing particles around, she explained.The researchers suggested that the blue units consist of relatively fresh, unweathered material from Phobos excavated by the rocking the moon experiences during its orbit. In contrast, the scientists suggested that the red units consist of regolith that, for the most, part stayed put over time and got weathered by being exposed to solar radiation.These findings could shed light on the uncertain origin of Phobos.

'One of the biggest mysteries surrounding Phobos is its origin — was it created from a giant impact onto Mars that created a debris disk around the planet that eventually coalesced into Phobos, or that was captured by Mars' gravity?' Ballouz said.If Phobos originated from a giant impact on Mars, the blue units should resemble Martian rock, since the blue units represent pristine material from the Red Planet. However, the latest data suggest that the near-infrared signature of the blue units differs from that seen up to now from Martian rock, the researchers said.The group is taking part in a future international mission led by JAXA called the Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) probe, which is set to launch in 2024 and return samples from Phobos to Earth in 2029. These samples may finally help resolve the debate over Phobos' origin, Ballouz said.The scientists detailed online March 18 in the journal Nature Geoscience.Follow Charles Q.

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